The complex reality of mixed infections by viruses and phytoplasmas in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation
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Abstract
Context: The cultivation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) faces multiple phytosanitary threats, notably papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), other viruses, and various phytoplasmas. Historically, scientific evidence has revealed that mixed infections are a frequent reality in commercial fields.
Objectives: This opinion article argues that these coinfections represent a phytosanitary challenge of the highest order that transcends the simple addition of problems .
Methods: Through an analysis of the scientific literature, it is argued that mixed infections generate a synergistic complexity that (1) hinders visual diagnosis due to symptom overlap, (2) complicates integrated management strategies because of divergences in their transmission modes, and (3) raises crucial questions about disease epidemiology.
Conclusions: It is concluded that it is imperative to adopt a comprehensive research approach and develop management strategies that consider virus–phytoplasma–vector interactions to mitigate the impact of these coinfections on papaya production worldwide.
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