Effects of volatile and non-volatile metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. against Phytophthora palmivora
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Abstract
Context: Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler is a phytopathogenic oomycete responsible for dark fruit rot in cocoa, causing significant losses in global production and locally in Baracoa, Cuba. The use of biological control agents, such as Trichoderma spp., offers sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical methods due to their ability to produce metabolites with antifungal activity and adapt to various environmental conditions.
Objective: To evaluate the potential of volatile and non-volatile metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. isolates native to cocoa plantations in Baracoa, Cuba, against P. palmivora, the causal agent of dark fruit rot in cocoa.
Methods: Twenty-eight Trichoderma spp. isolates obtained from cocoa rhizosphere soils were used. The antagonistic activity of their volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the radial growth of P. palmivora was evaluated in vitro using inhibition tests.
Results: The volatile metabolites of Trichoderma spp. showed variable inhibitory effects, with isolate M3_3_2019 standing out with 70% inhibition. Twenty-one isolates showed inhibition of less than 50%. Regarding non-volatile metabolites, 19 isolates achieved total inhibition (100%) of P. palmivora growth, and the rest showed between 64.29% and 99% inhibition, evidence of greater efficacy of non-volatile compounds.
Conclusions: Trichoderma spp. isolates from Baracoa have a marked antagonistic effect against P. palmivora, especially through non-volatile metabolites. These results support the potential of Trichoderma spp. as an effective biological alternative for the sustainable management of dark fruit rot in cocoa.
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